Examination of National Basketball Association (NBA) team values based on dynamic linear mixed models.

In the last decade, NBA has grown into a billion-dollar industry where technology and advanced game plans play an essential role. Investors are interested in research examining the factors that can affect the team value. The aim of this research is to investigate the factors that affect the NBA team values. The value of a team can be influenced not only by performance-based variables, but also by macroeconomic indicators and demographic statistics. Data, analyzed in this study, contains of game statistics, economic variables and demographic statistics of the 30 teams in the NBA for the 2013-2020 seasons. Firstly, Pearson correlation test was implemented in order to identify the related variables. NBA teams' characteristics and similarities were assessed with Machine Learning techniques (K-means and Hierarchical clustering). Secondly, Ordinary linear regression (OLS), fixed effect and random effect models were implemented in the statistical analyses. The models were compared based on Akaike Information Criterion (AIC). Fixed effect model with one lag was found the most effective model and our model produced consistently good results with the R2 statistics of 0.974. In the final model, we found that the significant determinants of team value at the NBA team level are revenue, GDP, championship, population and key player. In contrast, the total number of turnovers has a negative impact on team value. These findings would be beneficial to coaches and managers to improve their strategies to increase their teams' value.

Funding and performance of amateur and youth organizations in Brazil: a longitudinal analysis of a basketball league

Abstract Aim: The general aim was to analyze the profile of the teams participating in a basketball regional competition over 8 years (2012-2019). Specifically, we aimed to a) analyze the variation in the number of an organization participating, b) identify the variation in the type of funding, c) verify the existence of a relationship between the performance and the longevity of the organization, d) verify the existence of a relationship between the performance and the type of funding. Methods: The research was designed as an exploratory case study. A total of 86 organizations took part in the league during the period, with 767 different teams playing competitions between U-11 and senior. Results: Instability is the main characteristic of the league. The organizations competing are constantly changing the type of funding and unable to stay in the league for long periods. The research also showed that there is a relation between a stable source of funding and performance. Conclusion: Instability is the main problem in Brazilian youth and amateur basketball organizations. This study presents useful information for managers better understand the problems and difficulties of basketball in Brazil.

Tamaño y evolución económica de los clubes de baloncesto SAD después de la crisis económica de 2008 / Tamanho e evolução económica dos clubes de basquete SAD após a crise econômica de 2008 / Size and economic development of basketball clubs SAD after the economic crisis of 2008

El tamaño y estructura son variables determinantes para la supervivencia y evolución de las organizaciones deportivas, ayudan a mejorar su capacidad de producción, comercialización y autofinanciación en tiempos de crisis económica. Por este motivo, el objetivo del presente estudio fue conocer la evolución de las variables económicas que afectan al tamaño de los clubes de Baloncesto clasificados como Sociedad Anónima Deportiva. Para ello, se recogió la información de la base de datos SABI, por la que pudimos acceder a los datos financieros y contables de un total de 18 equipos de la ACB bajo el código CNAE 9312. De estos, excluimos a los clubes que no estaban inscritos como Sociedad Anónima Deportiva o que presentaron sus cuentas incompletas durante los años 2008 al 2014, o bien no tuviesen actividad durante los años indicados. Con los datos seleccionados se realizó un análisis descriptivo de las variables dependientes: total de activo, número de empleados e ingresos por explotación y se presentaron las medias para cada uno de los ejercicios disponibles (2007-2014). Como conclusión, podemos afirmar que la crisis económica no ha sido un factor que modifique el tamaño de los clubes de baloncesto SAD, obteniendo valores similares después de la crisis en total de activos y número de empleados, por el contrario viendo reducidos los ingresos por explotación (AU)

The size and structure are crucial for the survival and evolution of sports organizations variables, help improve production capacity, marketing and self-funding in times of economic crisis. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the evolution of the economic variables that affect the size of basketball clubs classified as Sociedad Anonima Deportiva. To do this, information from the SABI database, why could access financial and accounting data of a total of 18 teams in the ACB under code NCEA 9312. Of these was collected, we exclude the clubs that were not registered as Sociedad Anonima Deportiva or who submitted incomplete accounts for the years 2008 to 2014, or they had no activity during the years indicated. total assets, number of employees and revenue per farm and average for each of the exercises available (2007-2014) were presented: with the selected data a descriptive analysis of the dependent variables was performed. In conclusion, we can say that the economic crisis has not been a factor resize basketball clubs SAD, obtaining similar values after the crisis in total assets and number of employees, instead seeing reduced revenue per farm (AU)

O tamanho era estrutura são cruciais para a sobrevivência e evolução das variáveis das organizações desportivas, ajudar a melhorar a capacidade de produção, marketing e autofinanciamento em tempos de crise econômica. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a evolução das variáveis econômicas que afetam o tamanho dos clubes de basquete classificados como Sociedade Anónima Desportiva. Para fazer isso, as informações do banco de dados SABI, por que poderiam acessar dados financeiros e contáveis de um total de 18 equipes na ACB sob o código CNAE 9312. Destes foi recolhido, excluímos os clubes que não eram registado como Sociedade Anónima Desportiva ou que tenha apresentado contas incompletas para os anos de 2008 a 2014, ou tinham nenhuma atividade durante os anos indicados. ativos totais, número de empregados e as receitas por exploração e média para cada um dos exercícios disponíveis (2007-2014) foram apresentadas: com os dados selecionados a análise descritiva das variáveis dependentes foi realizada. Em conclusão, podemos dizer que a crise económica não tem sido um basquetebol fator de redimensionamento clubes SAD, a obtenção de valores semelhantes após a crise em ativos totais e número de empregados, em vez de ver reduzida a receita por exploração (AU)

Customer equity management in a professional player’s agency: how much is worth my current player’s base? / Gestión de clientes en una agencia de deportistas profesionales: ¿Cuánto vale tu cartera de clientes?

Traditionally, basketball players' agents and players' agents companies in general take decisions about their represented players based on reports, statistics or even premonitions. The future and potential economic revenues that are obtained from the players are more a desire than a variable to take decisions. A methodology to assess and cluster players from a basketball player agent is provided in this paper. Particularly, when, how much and how to invest in basketball players' portfolios according to their current and potential value and economic revenues. Data were obtained from one of the most important international basketball players' agents firm. They represent mainly players and coaches from all around the world, mainly the European and American Professional Championships

Tradicionalmente, las agencias de deportistas profesionales y las de baloncesto en particular, toman decisiones sobre sus representados basándose en informes, estadísticas, e incluso corazonadas. Los potenciales ingresos futuros que se obtienen de los jugadores son más un deseo que una variable para tomar decisiones. Presentamos en este articulo una metodología para valorar y segmentar jugadores de una agencia de jugadores de baloncesto profesionales. Concretamente, tratamos de responder a las preguntas de cuándo, cuánto y cómo invertir en la cartera de jugadores profesionales atendiendo a su valor económico actual y a sus potenciales ingresos económicos futuros. Los datos fueron obtenidos de una de las más importantes agencia de jugadores de baloncesto a nivel internacional. Esta empresa representa principalmente a jugadores y entrenadores de todo el mundo, fundamentalmente de ligas profesionales europeas y norteamericanas

Recursos humanos, financeiros e materiais de atletas de basquetebol nas categorias de base e a percepção dos treinadores sobre a formação dos atletas / Human, financial and material resources of basketball athletes in the youth academy and coaches' perception of athletes' development

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os recursos humanos, financeiros e materiais de atletas de basquetebol nas categorias de base e a percepção dos treinadores sobre estes recursos no processo de formação do atleta. A amostra do estudo foi composta por: 47 atletas de categoria sub-19 anos de Minas Gerais e os respectivos treinadores e 47 atletas profissionais. Os instrumentos utilizados foram: Questionário sobre o Contexto da Prática para Atletas de Basquetebol (QCP-Basq), Versão Recursos para o Treinamento e entrevista semiestruturada. Com base nos resultados foi possível entender que os atletas profissionais treinaram em instituições com mais recursos desde a iniciação esportiva em comparação aos atletas da categoria sub-19 anos de Minas Gerais. Os treinadores de Minas Gerais indicam precariedade na estruturação dos recursos na formação do jovem atleta e ressaltam que há dificuldade em aproveitar o jogador que se destaca nas categorias de base nas equipes profissionais do Estado

The aim of this study was to analyze human, financial and material resources of basketball athletes in the youth academy and coaches' perception about these resources in the development of young athletes. This study sample was composed by: 47 Under-19 athletes of Minas Gerais and their respective coaches and also 47 professional athletes. The instruments used were: Questionnaire about Context of Practice for Basketball Athletes ("QCP-Basq", in Portuguese), Resources for Training Version and semi-structured interview. Based on the results it could be understood that professional athletes have trained, since their sports initiation, in institutions with more resources than in comparison with Minas Gerais Under-19 athletes. Minas Gerais coaches point out precariousness in structuring of resources during young athletes formation and emphasize that there is a difficulty in the professional teams of the state to utilize players that stand out at youth level

Selfish play increases during high-stakes NBA games and is rewarded with more lucrative contracts.

High-stakes team competitions can present a social dilemma in which participants must choose between concentrating on their personal performance and assisting teammates as a means of achieving group objectives. We find that despite the seemingly strong group incentive to win the NBA title, cooperative play actually diminishes during playoff games, negatively affecting team performance. Thus team cooperation decreases in the very high stakes contexts in which it is most important to perform well together. Highlighting the mixed incentives that underlie selfish play, personal scoring is rewarded with more lucrative future contracts, whereas assisting teammates to score is associated with reduced pay due to lost opportunities for personal scoring. A combination of misaligned incentives and psychological biases in performance evaluation bring out the "I" in "team" when cooperation is most critical.

The disgrace of commodification and shameful convenience: a critical race critique of the NBA.

This essay positions sport as a pedagogical social institution from which people learn about race, gender, power, and privilege. The National Basketball Association is examined closely with a critical race lens with regard to the commodification of Black masculinity. A critical race analysis reveals the sharp contradictions between the league's progressive image as an "industry leader" of racial diversity (Lapchick, Bustamante, & Ruiz, 2007, p.1) and the actualization of league discourse, policy, and practice.

More than just the mean: moving to a dynamic view of performance-based compensation.

Compensation decisions have important consequences for employees and organizations and affect factors such as retention, motivation, and recruitment. Past research has primarily focused on mean performance as a predictor of compensation, promoting the implicit assumption that alternative aspects of dynamic performance are not relevant. To address this gap in the literature, we examined the influence of dynamic performance characteristics on compensation decisions in the National Basketball Association (NBA). We predicted that, in addition to performance mean, performance trend and variability would also affect compensation decisions. Results revealed that performance mean and trend, but not variability, were significantly and positively related to changes in compensation levels of NBA players. Moreover, trend (but not mean or variability) predicted compensation when controlling for future performance, suggesting that organizations overweighted trend in their compensation decisions. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

Application of a token economy program and preferences for basketball players

The aim of this work is to analyze the differences between players of a group following a token economy programand another who does not follow it. The results indicate that young players perceive that their trainers have a preference forattacking actions during the match; this unanimity in preferences disappears during training. Significant differences were foundsignificant differences in the preferences of coach during training; which means that belonging to one group of study impliesdifferent choices. There have been found significant differences between groups in specific skills related to defense and ballreception(AU)

The later evolution of modern sport in Latin America: the North American influence.

American impact on modern sports in Latin America overlaps geographically and chronologically with the European, especially British, impact. Principally baseball in the Caribbean basin, more recently basketball and volleyball across the hemisphere and occasionally American football in more limited areas illustrate a north-to-south movement executed by businessmen, educators, missionaries, military personnel, returning travelers (often students), sports entrepreneurs and television. Often initially supported by promoters of development within Latin America, this transfer has altered local recreational patterns and attracted Latin athletes to pursue careers in North America, provoking accusations of cultural imperialism and exploitation.